      DFSee version 9.13 11-10-2008  (c) 1994-2008: Jan van Wijk
 =========================[ www.dfsee.com ]==========================

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C O N T E N T S:
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  Command reference    = overview FAT specific commands
  Detailed description = description for every command


  Note: All generic commands can be found in DFSCMDS.TXT, for example:

        ALLOC,  CHECK,  CLONE,  RESIZE,  RECOVER,  SAVETO,  SCAN,  WIPE

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C O M M A N D   R E F E R E N C E:
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FAT specific commands

Active filesystem : FAT, specific commands are:

 \[path-spec]    = find and show ROOT or file/directory relative to root
 BOOTINI  [part] = Find the (first) BOOT.INI file present in the filesystem
 DELFIND  [name] = Find deleted files with DIR-entry containing (partial) name
 CHECK   [drive] = Check filesystem integrity for drive-letter (CHKDSK)
 FATSELECT [fat] = Select fat to be used (cached), fat = 1 or 2; default is 1
 FATSHOW  [*|nr] = Display contents of the FAT from memory, [nr]= # of entries
 FATSIM  img [f] = Save FAT table contents for FAT 'f' (1 or 2) to an imagefile
 FATWRIM img [f] = Restore an imagefile with the FAT table to FAT 'f' (1 or 2)
 FILEFIND [name] = Find normal files with DIR-entry containing (partial) name
 FINDROOT        = Find and list possible FAT32 root directory clusters/sectors
 FIXBOOT  [os|2] = Fix FAT(32) bootsector from P-tables or spares for OS 'os'
 FORMAT   [opts] = Format current object with a FAT12/16 or FAT32 filesystem
 NOBADS          = Reset bad-sector/cluster administration to ZERO bad sectors
 SETROOT [s|.nn] = Set FAT32 root directory LSN to sector [s] or listvalue [.nn]
 SPACE   [clust] = Show allocation for specified cluster or current LSN 'this'
 SUBFIND   [opt] = Find subdirectories (.. entry) from start or current lsn

 For an up-to-date list of commands, use the '?' command

 FAT specific sector types  (see ??? command)
             '1' = First  FAT area      '2' = Second FAT area
             '3' = Start 12-Bits FAT    '4' = Start 16-Bits FAT
             '8' = Start 32-Bits FAT
             '\' = Root directory
             'd' = Sub  directory       'D' = Directory data
             'I' = File data
             'X' = Bad sector area

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D E T A I L E D   D E S C R I P T I O N:
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 BOOTINI  [part] = Find the (first) BOOT.INI file present in the filesystem

 Purpose:       Display, and optionally FIX the Windows BOOT.INI file

 Parameters:    part        optional   partition number to be used for the
                                       current partition in the 'default='
                                       line in the BOOT.INI file.
                                       Specify '*' to use the value as
                                       calculated by DFSee ...

 Options:       -c          Work on the CURRENT sector, do not search the file

                -2          Try to update the 2nd line with same ARC path too.
                            (making the change complete in almost all cases)


 Remarks: When found, some info of the file will be displayed, and the line
          containing the DEFAULT partition to be booted will be displayed
          including the 'partition(W)' partition index. It should look like:

              default=multi(0)disk(0)rdisk(0)partition(2)\WINDOWS

          Below that line, the partition index calculated by DFSee is shown.
          This is based on the assumption you want to boot to an installed
          Windows-NT/W2K/XP in THIS SAME partition! For booting to other
          partitions with Windows installed, use the value shown in the
          'BI' column that is included in the 'part -s' display.

          Incorrect values for the default partition index will lead to
          boot failures with messages like:

              Windows could not start because the following file
              is missing or corrupt: Windows\system32\Hal.dll

          The specified or calculated value will be substituted for the
          partition index in the default line.

          Of course you need to reboot to test if this fix worked ...

          Note: When the '-2' option is not specified, or when updating the
                second line with the same numbers has failed for some reason,
                this is not a full 'REPAIR' of your BOOT.INI, but the minimum
                update to allow booting Windows again! You need to properly
                edit BOOT.INI once Windows is running again, or use the
                'bootcfg /rebuild' command from the recovery console that
                can be started from regular Windows installation CDs.

                When there is damage to the BOOT.INI file beyond an incorrect
                partition index, fixing it this way might not be possible.
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 CHECK  [drive] = Check filesystem integrity for drive-letter (CHKDSK)

 Purpose:       Perform a filesystem check, and report the errors found

 Parameters:    drive     PID or driveletter for partition to check.
                          When not specified, the CURRENT object is checked.

 Options:       -r        Force refresh of the Sector Lookup Table (SLT)
                          even if one exists already

 Output:        Two lines for each sector in error that is found, the first
                lists the sector number, where it is referenced from and a
                short description. The second line is an error description.

                For FAT the reported errors are:

                0x000001  Linked to some structure, but not in allocation-map
                0x000002  Allocated in allocation-map, but no known link
                0x000004  Allocation chain ends in a free cluster
                0x000008  Allocation chain ends in a cluster with bad sectors
                0x000010  Cluster value is invalid for current volume
                0x000020  Cluster chain is too long for specified item
                0x800000  The filesystem is marked DIRTY (open files)
                          this may cause bogus errors to be displayed!

 Remarks:       Some of the errors are generic, but most are filesystem
                specific. The generic ones are also listed with the 'SLT'
                command in dfscmds.txt.
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 CL             = Translate and display 'this' LSN as a cluster number

 Purpose:       Find out what cluster number corresponds to current LSN

 Parameters:    none

 Output:        The cluster number, or an error message when invalid
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 CL clust [cmd] = Translate specified cluster number to LSN, display with cmd

 Purpose:       Display data using a cluster number instead of an LSN

 Parameters:    clust   mandatory  The cluster number of interest

                cmd     optional   DFS generic command to execute with clust
                                   as its first and only parameter (like 'H')

 Output:        The output for the cmd. When no explicit cmd is specified this
                will be the DFS default for the corresponding LSN, usually a
                display of that sector(s) in an appropriate format.
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 DELFIND  [name] = Find deleted files with DIR-entry containing (partial) name

 Purpose:       Find deleted files, with name starting at current LSN

 Parameters:    name    optional   part of filename wanted, no wildcard

 Options:       -c      Start find from current sector instead of start
                -v      Verbose search, list files while found (SLOW!)


 Output:        Find-result list

 Remarks:       All deleted files and directory entries where the name starts
                with 0xe5 = 'å', will be found and added to the list.

                There is NO RECOVERY possible yet for deleted files, although
                the SAVETO and RECOVER commands will work, the resulting files
                will be CORRUPT due to missing allocation information for
                deleted files on FAT.

                List can be manipulated as usual, best viewed with "delshow"
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 FATSELECT [fat]= Select fat to be used (cached), fat = 1 or 2; default is 1

 Purpose:       Update the in-memory FAT from the specified FAT from disk

 Parameters:    fat     optional   Number of the FAT, either 1 or 2

 Output:        none

 Remarks:       FAT12, FAT16 and FAT32 formats are supported
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 FATSHOW  [*|nr] = Display contents of the FAT from memory, [nr] entries

 Purpose:       List all FAT-entries separately for analysis

 Parameters:    nr      optional   Number of FAT-entries to show.
                                   * = all entries, default is 160.

 Output:        A list of FAT-entries with 8 values in each line, <free>
                <bad> and <eof> values are shown as such.

 Remarks:       A graphical display of the FAT can be made using 'ALLOC'
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 FATSIM  img [f] = Save FAT table contents for FAT 'f' (1 or 2) to an imagefile

 Purpose:       Save the complete file allocation table (FAT) to an imagefile

 Parameters:    img     mandatory  Name of the imagefile to create
                f       optional   Number of the FAT, 1 or 2 (default 1)

 Options:       -z      Enable LZW compression on the image-file

 Output:        Message indicating success or failure
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 FATWRIM img [f] = Restore an imagefile with the FAT table to FAT 'f' (1 or 2)

 Purpose:       Restore the complete file allocation table from an imagefile

 Parameters:    img     mandatory  Name of the imagefile to restore
                f       optional   Number of the FAT, 1 or 2 (default 1)

 Output:        Message indicating success or failure

 Remarks:       This is a potentially dangerous operation, also usually both
                FATs on the disk need to be in-sync. So 2 FATWRIMs are needed.
                The used imagefile should have the right size, and preferably
                be created with the FATSIM cmd from the same (size) partition
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 FILEFIND [name] = Find normal files with DIR-entry containing (partial) name

 Purpose:       Find one or more directory entries for specified filename

 Parameters:    name    optional   Filename, or part of the name to find
                                   this is not a true wildcard, but can be
                                   any part of the 11-character 8.3 name.
                                   When you specify '*.xxx' or '*.y*' it
                                   will search for files with extension
                                   'xxx' or 'y*' respectively.

 Options:       -c      Start find from current sector instead of start
                -v      Verbose search, list files while found (SLOW!)

 Output:        Find progress and result

 Remarks:       The result is a list of sector numbers of directory entries.
                A 'list -f' will list them, showing the sector number for
                the directories and the index for the entry in that sector.

                You can select a single file from the list using the .NNNN
                syntax, and use the "saveto" command to recover that file.

                List can be manipulated as usual, best viewed with "delshow" or
                the equivalent "list -f". The 'recover' command can be used
                to recover multiple files in one go.

                Note: Operations using the sector list on FAT/FAT32 like SAVETO
                      are limitted to 64 GiB partitions by design!
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 FINDROOT       = Find and list possible FAT32 root directory clusters/sectors

 Purpose:       Find possible root directory clusters/sectors when the FAT32
                root directory reference in the bootsector is missing or damaged.

 Parameters:    none

 Output:        One line for each possible root directory cluster/sector

 Remarks:       All found sectors will be put in the sector list as well, and
                can be saved for later use with the 'export' command.
                The 'list +f' command can be used to display them, and
                individual ones can be displayed from the sector list by
                selecting them with .NNNNN command. Note: this might reuse
                the sector list for the directory shown, so make sure you
                have saved the original one to be restored with 'import'.
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 FIXBOOT  [os|2] = Fix FAT(32) bootsector from P-tables or spares for OS 'os'

 Purpose:       Fix corrupted bootsector for a FAT or FAT32 partition

 Parameters:    os | 2  optional  2 = specify 1 or 2 sector spare copy, FAT32

                              or  x = Code for desired operating system to boot

                              I or P   PCDOS  with IBMBIO/IBMDOS.COM
                              M        MSDOS  with IO/MSDOS.SYS
                              O        OS/2   with OS2BOOT
                              V        OS/2   with OS2LDR, Veit Kannegieser
                              N        Win-NT with NTLDR        (FAT16)
                              W        Win-9x with IO/MSDOS.SYS (FAT16)
                              9        Win-9x with WINBOOT.SYS  (FAT32)

                              The default is 'M' for MSDOS.
                              OS is only relevant for FAT partitions
                              that need to be bootable.

 Options:       -s      optional  Force a copy of the SPARE bootsector (FAT32)

 Output:        Progress and confirmation info

 Remarks:       For any of the filesystems (FAT, HPFS, NTFS, JFS) check the
                corresponding DFSxxx.TXT documentation file for 'FIXBOOT'.

                For FAT32 with a damaged bootsector this will try to copy a
                spare bootsector, either a single one when no parameter, or
                both sectors when the parameter '2' is specified.
                If the bootsector at sector 0 is not damaged, you can force
                copying the SPARE sector by using the '-s' option.

                Otherwise a valid bootsector will be created based on above
                mentioned bootsector code and size info from the partition
                table and locations of the FAT areas and Root directory.

                The 'V' type will create an OS/2 bootsector that directly
                loads the OS2LDR (skipping OS2BOOT) and was kindly made
                available by Veit Kannegieser. It may be used to create
                a removable device (like an USB stick) booting OS2.

                The partition table info (type and size) must still be valid,
                or valid FATs and Root directory must be present, or both.

                OS '9' will be forced when there is a 2nd bootsector with a
                valid FAT32 signature (and freespace info).
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 FORMAT   [opts] = Format current object with a FAT12/16 or FAT32 filesystem

 Purpose:       Format a partition or volume with an empty FAT filesystem

 Options:       -a:offset = Sector offset for first FAT area from bootsector
                -b[:bufs] = Buffersize for wipe FAT area, -b will use 1-track
                -c:spc    = Number of sector per cluster, power of 2, 1 .. 64
                -f:bits   = Number of bits used for FAT entries: 12, 16 or 32
                -l        = Long format, clear all data-area sectors to ZERO
                -o:letter = Operating system identification letter, boot code:

                              I or P   PCDOS  with IBMBIO/IBMDOS.COM
                              M        MSDOS  with IO/MSDOS.SYS
                              O        OS/2   with OS2BOOT
                              V        OS/2   with OS2LDR, Veit Kannegieser
                              N        Win-NT with NTLDR        (FAT16)
                              W        Win-9x with IO/MSDOS.SYS (FAT16)
                              9        Win-9x with WINBOOT.SYS  (FAT32)

                -r:size   = number of entries in root directory    (FAT12/16)
                -s:vsn    = volume serial number to be used  (use 0x for hex)
                -v:label  = ASCII label string for filesystem identification
                -!        = force use of option dialog to specify parameters

 Remarks:       Formatting a partition or volume will destroy ALL data
                that is currently on the volume, and is NOT recoverable!
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 NOBADS          = Reset bad-sector/cluster administration to ZERO bad sectors

 Purpose:       Make sure the filsystem specific administration for bad sectors
                is reset to a state where NO bad-sectors are present.

 Parameters:    none


 Output:        Message indicating success or failure

 Remarks:       This is most useful after CLONING (or imaging) a damaged disk
                or partition that had bad sectors areas to a new disk.
                Running the 'NOBADS' command will reclaim the previously
                marked sectors/clusters back for normal use.

                For FAT12, FAT16 and FAT32, this command affects the 1st and
                2nd FAT areas, where all 'BAD' markings (ff7, fff7, 0ffffff7)
                are replaced by the 'FREE' mark (000, 0000, 00000000).
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 SETROOT [s|.nn] = Set FAT32 root directory LSN to sector [s] or listvalue [.nn]

 Purpose:       Set the (DFSee internal) value for the root directory sector

 Parameters:    s|.nn   optional   sector number (hex) or a .NNNNN value from
                                   the sector list, from a FINDROOT command

 Output:        Message indicating success or failure

 Remarks:       This can be done after finding possible root directories with
                the FINDROOT command, and will be made effective with the
                next FIXBOOT command
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 SPACE  [clust] = Show allocation for specified cluster or current LSN 'this'

 Purpose:       Show size and fragmentation of allocated space for a cluster

 Parameters:    clust   optional   Cluster number

 Output:        A list of allocation-chunks with LSNs and sizes

 Remarks:       none
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 SUBFIND   [opt] = Find subdirectories (.. entry) from start or current lsn

 Purpose:       Find all starting-sectors for subdirectory clusters

 Parameters:    none

 Options:       -c      Start find from current sector instead of start

 Output:        Find progress and result

 Remarks:       The result will be a list of sector numbers of directory sectors.
                A 'list +f' will list them, showing the cluster numbers for the
                directories. You can save the list using the 'export' command.
                Selecting a single entry from the list with the ".nnn" command
                will display that particular directory, showing the files.
                Selecting a single file from that list, again using the ".nnn"
                command will show the direectory-entry information for that
                file. You can use the "saveto" command to recover that file.

                Note that selecting from the initial list, and displaying
                directory info, builds a NEW list destroying the find-result.
                You can use the 'export' and 'import' commands to save that
                find-result and work with other entries in the list later.

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